Situation Analysis of Mondelez International †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Situation Analysis of Mondelez International. Answer: Presentation: The task is an investigation of the current circumstance of an organization which can help in making proposals about the companys future. The organization considered is Mondelez Internatioanl Australia and New Zealand. The task is isolated into two primary issues, the outside examination and inner investigation. The report responds to the inquiry in regards to the business condition and serious examination of Mondelez. The extent of the task ranges over the news paper articles, diaries and magazines to draw the essential issue. The outside examination area is separated into segments, the first is the full scale condition patterns while the second is a serious investigation. The inner segment dives into the parts of Mondelez like budgetary qualities, human asset the executives, etc. The last area is the end alongside the proposals for Mondelez. Mondelez International Australia and New Zealand is the Australian arm of Mondelez International and is perhaps the biggest maker and advertisers of food in Australia. The organization has its central station in Melbourne and possesses Vegemite and Cadbury. The organization earned net income of $26 billion out of 2016 (mondelezinternational.com, 2017). The yearly report shows that Mondelez International has expanding pace of total return in five years contrasted with its rivals as appeared in the diagram underneath. Circumstance Analysis: The circumstance examination of Mondelez International Australia and New Zealand is has two sections, the macroeconomic and the SWOT investigation. The motivation behind the outside market is to look at the outer full scale condition factors which decide the procedures of the universal organization. The motivation behind the SWOT examination is to consider the qualities, weakneeses, openings and dangers to the organization being referred to. Mondelez Internatioanl works in an assortment of outer macroeconomic situations which summed up as PESTLE beneath. These variables decide the upper hand of Mondelez International in regard to its rivals (Hautz, Mayer Stadler, 2014). The political elements allude to governments arrangements, laws, universal concurrences with nations, etc which assume critical job in the organization approaches and systems. Australia is a protected government where the administration controls and make exchange hindrances to advance local organizations. Be that as it may, the legislature has bit by bit began support section of worldwide organizations like Mondelez. Mondelez ought to likewise maintain the free market and lower tariif arrangements and increase by it (aph.gov.au, 2017). Monetary elements comprise of those components which impact the financing and estimating choices of the organizations like Mondelez. These components are conversion standard, work rates, estimation of land, flexibly chain the board, etc. The worldwide money rates have solid bearing on the valuing systems of the organizations. The estimation of Australian Dollar has fallen which implies that fares have gotten less expensive and the outsiders clients can purchase more with their monetary standards. The specialists state that the Australian producers like Mondelez can send out their products more to acquires exceptional yield (Beattie, 2017). Mondelez International ought to get assets reasonably and keep the evaluating procedure low to pick up from sending out its items to the remote markets (Brandenburg et al., 2014). The social viewpoints manage the impact of an item on the general public and culture of a market like Australia. Mondelez International fabricates chocolate items with high calories which frequently face reactions from different layers of the general public. The Australians chocolate showcase is developing and Mondelez ought to underwrite the chance. The Australian culture adores premium chocolate and is prepared to address high retail cost for it. Thus, Mondelez should fix high retail costs for its excellent chocolate items and low for ordinary items to produce high income (Nieburg, 2017). The Treasury, Government of Australia tells than the nation has encountered practical salary development in the ongoing years and the rich have contributed huge to the expansion in national pay. The developing populace of the nation alongside the developing pay empower chocolate showcase (Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government, 2017). Mondelez should showcase its items more in the Australia and exploit the rising pay of the Australians to sell its items (Fletcher Guttmann, 2017). Innovative: Innovation alludes to the degree of advancement and think-tanks do to achieve new items and improve their current items. The limit of an organization to use innovation likewise decides its capacity to embrace feasible methods for creation and activity. Mondelez is a worldwide food maker who is monetarily solid and can put resources into current innovation. Australia is an innovatively solid nation and gives its organizations trend setting innovation and extension for development. The regularly expanding request and changing utilization design supports modernisation and practical creation. The food item makers like Mondelez have condition of workmanship innovation which encourages them to make supportable items and packaging(Gold, Kunz Reiner, 2016). Mondelez has six present day fabricating plants in Australia which permits to organization to realize inventive results of unrivaled quality (Lynch Jin, 2016). Culture of individuals has a significant task to carry out in the utilization design which further effects the interest of items. Religion, nationality, etc assume significant job in the way of life of individuals. Mondelez International fabricates chocolate items which are delighted in by individuals everything being equal. The organization showcases its items universally to exploit this interest for chocolate across societies. The Australian individuals love chocolate items particularly premium chocolate items. Mondelez should fabricate and showcase premium chocolate items and take into account the Australian market (Tan et al., 2015). The individuals of Australia are expanding accentuating on economical items and are prepared to pay for them. Mondelez should showcase maintainable chocolate items to oblige the Australian market (Wee et al., 2014). Macroenvironmental Factors Issue Opportunity or Threat recognizable proof Data Source Political/Legal Free market and lower tariif strategies Opportunity aph.gov.au, 2017 Monetary Falling Australian Dollar Opportunity Beattie, 2017 Social Risisng interest for premium chocolate Opportunity Nieburg, 2017 Innovative New assembling plants and trend setting innovation Opportunity Lynch Jin, 2016) Culture Love for premium chocolate items among the Australians Opportunity Tan et al., 2015 The diagram shows that Cadbury by Mondelez drives the chocolate market of Australia with its two direct rivals Kit Kat by Nestle having 17% offer and Mars at 9%. Their quality lies in their capacity to provide food the requirements of both the premium and low variation customers. The two measurements which shoppers consider while making buy are assortment and accessible. The shortcoming of the contenders is their failure to deliver an assortment of chocolate items which Mondelez can create. The perceptual guide beneath show the contenders of Mondelez International, the Y hub shows wide decision and the X pivot shows assortment. The figure shows that Mondelez International positions most elevated in the purchasers minds as per the two boundaries. Assessment of the Companys Internal Capabilities and Core Competencies: Mondelez International is a worldwide organization taking into account worldwide customer base. The organization is available in over a hundred nations which gives it an enormous upper hand. Product offering comprises of an assortment of premium items. The organization fabricates Cadbury which comes in both premium variations like Bournville and low valued variations. The organization additionally claims Vegemite, Ritz, Belvita and different brands worth billions. The organization is monetarily solid with a net income $26 billion out of 2016. The organization has acquisitions like Cadbury worth billions of dollars which has given the organization its imaginative product offering. The product offering encourages the organization to shape a solid promoting procedure. The organization follows vital human asset the board in all the area it works in. The organization is a worldwide business and utilizes individuals everywhere throughout the world. Mondelez International Australia utilizes in excess of 2000 workers who trait tit with itstalent and upper hand. Goes under reactions because of fatty and sugar content in the items which influences the promoting techniques of the organization. Product offering restricted to food items. Openings: Grow product offering towards different items like home consideration, electronic, etc. Present low calorie items like Coca Cola. Go into natural item advertise by new natural chocolate items. Enter new markets Faces hardened rivalry from substitutes like espresso. Fcaes hardened rivalry from other global organizations like Nestle and Unilever. Faces danger from new participants in the entirety of its business sectors like nearby chocolate organizations. Ends: The investigation shows that Mondelez International Australia and New Zealand is a major worldwide organizations which experiences different macroeconomic components like political, prudent, etc. The organization is monetarily exceptionally solid and has a solid product offering. The results of the organization rule the market yet face solid rivalry from other worldwide food makers like Nestle. The accompanying proposals can be made for the companys future: Mondelez ought to grow its item portfolio so as to acquire c

How to Collect and Prepare a Hickory Nut for Planting

Instructions to Collect and Prepare a Hickory Nut for Planting Of the dozen or so American hickories, shellbark and shagbark hickory trees have given some guarantee as consumable nut makers. These are the main two Carya species (except for walnut, logical name Carya illinoensis) normally planted for nut creation. All the accompanying hickory nut recommendations apply too to the assortment and planning of walnuts. Timing Hickory blossoms in the spring and finishes nut development in late-summer. Starting as ahead of schedule as the first of September and proceeding through November, different types of hickory nuts age and are prepared for assortment. Aging dates can fluctuate somewhat from year to year and from state to state by upwards of three to about a month, so it is absurd to expect to utilize exact dates to decide development. The best time to gather hickory nuts, either off the tree or from the beginning, when they start falling: It is only that straightforward. Prime picking is late September through the principal week in November, contingent upon the individual hickory tree species and its area inside the United States. The hickory nut is flawless when the husks start to part. Gathering The stature of the hickory nut crop in a backwoods covering and the thick timberland litter underneath can make it to some degree hard for the easygoing gatherer to accumulate enormous quantities of nuts (despite the fact that certainly feasible). Another test is reaping nuts before natural life does. It is likewise imperative to recollect that nut accessibility is rarely a yearly given. Great hickory crops (called pole) of all species are delivered at interims of one to three years, so discovering nuts can be a test in some random fall season. Considering that, discover woodland trees that are open-developed with minimal backwoods underbrush. Yard trees or trees close to cleared zones make for simpler assortment in urban and rural regions. Continuously recognize the tree and spot labels or imprint the sacks, so you will realize what species you have gathered. Putting away Capacity tests with walnut and shagbark hickory have exhibited that hickories resemble most other nut and oak seed species: They ought to be dried to a low dampness content and refrigerated if not planted right away. To be explicit, Carya nuts ought to be dried to beneath 10% dampness and put away at around 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Whenever put away in fixed holders, the nuts ought to have the option to hold great reasonability for a long time. They will lose half to 66% of their capacity to grow following four years. Despite the fact that hickory needs next to no cold over a full season, examines show that feasibility can be improved by absorbing the nuts water at 70 degrees Fahrenheit for 64 hours. Some nut species need stratificationâ or a chilly timeframe to completely improve the germination procedure. Put soggy peat combine or sawdust with the dried hickory nuts in a polyethylene plastic sack that has a divider thickness of four to ten millimeters. These sacks are perfect for putting away nuts since they are porous to carbon dioxide and oxygen yet impermeable to dampness. Close the pack freely and store in the fridge at 40 degrees Fahrenheit until planting time. Check nuts all through the winter and keep marginally clammy. Planting You can plant unrefrigerated nuts in the fall and let the winter season do what nature does-refrigerate. You can likewise spring-plant with delineated or cold-treated seed or take a risk on unstratified seed. For ground planting: Great outcomes have been accounted for with fall seed planting for hickory, however great mulching is important. Mulch ought to stay until germination is finished. Concealing is commonly a bit much, however hickory may benefit from someâ initial conceal. Assurance from rodents might be required for fall-sowings. For holder planting: After deciding the best possible time to plant, you should put nuts in moderatelyâ loose gardening soil in one-gallon pots or more profound compartments. The taproot will develop rapidly to the base of compartments and root width isn't as significant. Compartments ought to have gaps in the base to take into consideration seepage. Spot hickory nuts on their sides at a profundity of one-a large portion of the width to about the width of the nut. Keep the dirt clammy however not wet. Shield the pots from freezing.

How to Find an Anxiety Therapist

How to Find an Anxiety Therapist Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print How to Find an Anxiety Therapist By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 08, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 11, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Slobo / Getty Images An anxiety therapist is someone who has specialized training to treat anxiety disorders. When looking for a therapist for social anxiety disorder (SAD), you should seek someone who specializes in treating this specific mental health concern. Therapists who do not have a good understanding of the disorder are less likely to provide effective treatment. Although the process of finding an anxiety therapist will not be easy, the benefits of entering into therapy with a qualified professional are great. Below are some steps to help you find an anxiety therapist in your area. Insurance Considerations If your treatment will be covered by an insurance provider, the best first step is to ask for a list of professionals whose treatment will be covered. Once you have the list, narrow it down to those who provide treatment specifically for anxiety disorders and SAD. If there are a lot of choices, see if your family doctor might be able to help by recommending a specific therapist on the list. Call If there is a large clinic in your area, they likely have therapists on staff that treat anxiety disorders. If you are comfortable, call the receptionist and ask whether anyone on staff treats social anxiety disorder. Go Online There are a number of options for finding a therapist for SAD on the internet. Visit such sites as the American Psychological Associations ?psychologist locator, or the Anxiety Disorders Association of Americas (ADAA) find a therapist  website. The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies? therapist service and the American Psychiatric Association website may also be useful resources. Most find a therapist services allow you to search by location and specialty. Find Help With the 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups Evaluate Fit Once you have located a therapist and made your first appointment, it is important to remember that the process is still unfolding. Even though a therapist may be trained to treat social anxiety disorder, he may not be a good fit for you. If you are having trouble opening up to your therapist, or do not feel like your concerns are being addressed, you may need to re-evaluate and decide if a different person might be a better fit. Tips If you arent comfortable making phone calls yourself to locate a therapist, enlist the help of a friend or family member to call on your behalf. If you are not covered by insurance and the cost of therapy is prohibitive, your local university may offer sliding-scale therapy or free counseling as part of ongoing research studies.

Immigration in Canada A History Essay - 2483 Words

Introduction – The Policy issue that I intend to examine is Immigration and Employment History on Immigration in Canada Canada has continuously served as a home to immigrants and refugees from decade to decade harbouring people from a variety of cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The first set of immigrants to settle in the country came from Britain, the United States and from other nationalities mostly including immigrants from Europe who were either desperate to escape from religious or political turmoil or were simply attracted to Canada’s economic promise. Soon after the Canadian confederation in 1867, immigrants from Irish and Chinese backgrounds who occupied most of the country were used as workers and the demand for labourers to†¦show more content†¦However, during the World War II era and the years that followed, these policies were discouraged in order to encourage more skilled and professional immigrants to participate in the Canadian labour market. However, in 1967, a new policy called the Points System which was developed to meet the economic and labour needs of Canada was fo rmed. With the existence of this policy, more non white immigrants were able to migrate to Canada. Presently, the current Immigration Act consists of both economic, family and refugee class in which immigrants enter into the country. The Issue Immigrants today now have the privilege of entering and residing in Canada but along with this privilege, there are also barriers that impede their integration and deprive them of equal opportunity in the society. The undervaluing of foreign education and credentials has emerged over the years as a huge obstacle faced by recent immigrants who seek employment in the areas that they have been trained, and worked in for decades in their respective home countries. For years, newcomers in Canada have been denied inclusion into the Canadian labour market simply because of policies that wereShow MoreRelatedHow Immigrants Have Been Treated Over The History Of Canada853 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout this course, the focus has been on how Immigrants have been treated over the history of Canada and the phases in which events and settlements began. Abu-Laban states Substantive citizenship involves pressing issues relating to equality of rights and opportunities; treatment and life condition; and, not least, participatory involvement that ought to come from holding formal citizenship†¦In short, being a citizen is no guarantee of equality; real equality is hampered by inequalities resultingRead MoreBibliography Chinese Immigration in Canada1487 Words   |  6 PagesCHINESE IMMIGRANTS IN CANADA AND THEIR PROBLEMS ON THE CANADIAN LABOR MARKET History 287 – The Chinese in Canada and Canadians in China Bolaria, B. Singh, and Sean P. Hier. 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The League of Nations in the 1920s defined refugeesRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States989 Words   |  4 PagesFor many centuries now immigration has been important to the key developments of North American countries. From the English settlers from the original 13 colonies, to the French who settled into what is now modern day Canada, even the Irish and German settlers during the Industrial revolution, all the way to Mexicans trying to find work in the booming U.S. economy after the second world war, immigrants have always flocked to America in search of a better life. The Immigration issues doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t just stopRead MoreHow Did The Ukrainian Immigrants Affect Canadian Society?1499 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion: How did the Ukrainian Immigrants affect Canadian Society. Outline: P1: Introduction Canada, known to its citizens as being diverse and having multicultural history.One historical events of Canada is the Ukrainian immigration. In the 1800, the waves of immigration from the Ukrainian area began as one Ukrainian family came to. Ukrainians are one of the predominant groups that arrived to Canada to start anew. This led them to change a lot of Canada’s society then in the late 1800s. P2:

The Development Of Individuality In The Scarlet Letter By...

The novel, The Scarlet Letter, is an epitome of individuality during Puritan times. Each character in the novel represents the idea that internal evolution creates an inevitable outcome; life or death. Character development delineates changes in behavior, disposition, and mentality by reflection upon sin and the correction thereof. Therefore, there are numerous characters compared to the literary device, which include Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth. In fact, on more than one occasion, Hawthorne refers back to a â€Å"moral blossom† which symbolizes lessons to be learned. Subsequently, while Hester and Dimmesdale flourish in the light of redemption, Chillingworth deviates from this path and decays in his aggrieved, petulant stubbornness.†¦show more content†¦Her motivation increases everyday and she has an optimistic outlook on the future. Foremost, by the end of the novel, Hester shows true integrity when she says, â€Å"The scarlet letter had not done its off ice† (Hawthorne 149). She is in the mindset that she is not worthy of deciding when her punishment ends, which shows honest humbleness and perseverance. Even though she doesn’t anticipate the letter to leave her anytime soon, she learns how to live with the handicap which has previously been a detriment to her life. Comparably, Dimmesdale undergoes a moral dilemma in order to finally find peace within himself. While Hester agonizes over her punishment for her sins, though, Dimmesdale secretes himself in the shadows. His status as minister gives him leeway from exposure, and Hester refuses to give his name, which she proudly states, â€Å"His fame, his position, his life, will be in my hands, beware† (Hawthorne 68). At this point, Dimmesdale is more worried about his well being than his ethics. He doesn’t necessarily negate the fact that he is guilty, too, but he doesn’t speak out and confess to his crimes. After being fully aware of the situation at hand, Dimmesdale shows no signs of remorse. Notably, years later he starts to exhibit repent, and his physical description is given by, â€Å"His large dark eyes has a world of pain in their troubled and melancholy depth† (Hawthorne 101). Currently, he is in the midst of suffering and becomes ill with grief. The weightShow MoreRelatedThe Theme Of Sin In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne777 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, this same concept holds true. For he who said, â€Å"do not commit adultery†, also said, â€Å"do not kill.† This statement reveals that all sins are equal in the eyes of God. However, the Puritan society hypocritically judges some sins to be greater than others. One example of this is the sin of adultery. Adultery is considered to be one of the worst sins of all. The main characters in The Scarlet Letter all commit sins, but Hawthorne judges them basedRead MoreThe Thematic Trifecta Of The Sc arlet Letter1429 Words   |  6 PagesTrifecta of The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, narrates the experiences of Hester Prynne, a beautiful young woman in Puritan times, after committing the sin of adultery with the local Reverend, Mr. Arthur Dimmesdale. Because she became pregnant, she bears the public scorn of her sin, while the town does not uncover Mr. Dimmesdale’s participation in the act until the very end of the novel. Using the Puritan society as the setting, and the development of both HesterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne And The Awakening1416 Words   |  6 Pagesexists in society does not only affect the individual being discriminated against, but the people close to them as well. This is demonstrated through the novels The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Awakening by Kate Chopin. The Scarlet Letter follows the story of a woman named Hester Prynne who is forced to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her chest as punishment for her crime of adultery. The Awake ning follows the story of a woman named Edna Pontellier and the struggle that she faces when sheRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, The Crucible, And King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1733 Words   |  7 PagesHawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Miller’s The Crucible, and King’s â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† Humans have a natural tendency to conform to each other; they strive to fit in with their community and to blend in with the crowd, undoubtedly because modern society seems to have put everyone on a leash. Its harsh judgment and constant pressure forces everyone to follow each other around like sheep — compliant — staying in line in fear of the repercussions. 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From the first days of settlement in America, to racial tensions and slavery, to the development of capitalism, there has always been a relationship between the individual and society that is reflected in the written pieces of each time, revealing the connection between oneself and the collective spanning across the centuries. ‘The Scarlet Letter’, written in a Puritan world, and ‘Bartleby, The Scrivener’, written in capitalist America, are two key examples of literatureRead MoreThe Crucible : Nature Vs Nurture Debate2002 Words   |  9 PagesLee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch is described as an outstanding role model for his children, Jem and Scout, teaching them morals, discipline, and important lessons such as the acceptance of those who are different. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne describes Hester Prynne as a strong and independent woman who, despite the circumstances, is a role model for her daughter, Pearl. In spite of having a drunkard for a father, Huck Finn, from Mark Twain’s The Adventures of HuckleberryRead More The Dual Nature of Man in Young Goodman Brown Essay1865 Words   |  8 PagesThe Dual Nature of Man in Young Goodman Brown In Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne tells the story of one man’s loss of faith in the human race. As Goodman Brown travels into the woods one night, he is sees the innermost secrets and desires of the people he once placed upon a pedestal. He sees that humans are evil by nature, and this causes him to lose faith in his fellow man. By viewing the story as an allegory, the journey into the woods is associated with the Puritan concept of justificationRead MoreThe Effects Of Self Harm On Children And Young Adults2005 Words   |  9 Pagesdealing with the guilt, he causes himself not to sleep or eat. Dimmesdale is described as, â€Å"pitiably weak; no evidence at once so slight and irrefragable, of a subtle disease, that had long since begun to eat into the real substance of his character† (Hawthorne 147). Seven years later, he confesses that he is Pearl’s father and he committed adultery with Hester Prynne. Tired of the guilt, Dimmesdale brands an ‘A’ on his chest to represent his sin just like Hester (Miller). Shortly after confessing, Dimmesdale

Social Philosophy Has Its Place in Social Work Practice Free Essays

Social work as a discipline concentrates on theoretical and philosophical positions such as social justice, equality, and empowerment and these may be described as â€Å"philosophies of social work†. (Mackie, 2007) Historically during social works early years, moral concerns laid the foundations for the development of social work and the principal values of the profession, with particular emphasis on the significance of individual worth and dignity and service to humanity (Bisman, 2004). Many of our contemporary professional social work values and ethics have been constructed on the basis of Kantian and Utilitarian philosophies and although mutually they are considered as alternatives; both theories of are based on the assumption of the human being as a freely acting individual and indeed the philosophies share and hold the following approaches: †¢ The moral value of individual persons as autonomous rational beings; †¢ The universality of values and principles; †¢ The possibility of deducing moral ‘laws’ through rational reflection; †¢ The goal of individual liberty; freedom and emancipation and in the just ordering of a society. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Philosophy Has Its Place in Social Work Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Human rights and social justice are clearly draw from Kantian and Utilitarian social philosophies and today are regarded as fundamental principals in the practice of social work (Banks 2001). In this paper the author will consider what social philosophy is and what effect if any it has on social work practice in 2011/2012. Political philosophy is influenced by social philosophy which in turn has an impact on the work has carried out by social workers ‘a rigid demarcation between political and social philosophy is impossible, and social philosophers, have influenced recent political philosophy. Social philosophy also deals with philosophical issues relating to institutions such as the family, religion and education. (Bunmin, 2004) Philosophers observed that the development of human behaviour was shaped by their social environment and mainly competitive in nature. From these philosophical origins collectivism grew into what we now know as collectivistic or socialist theories Kantian deontological ethics is a principle-based ethics wherein reason is central. Reasons motivate or predispose action. Gray, 2010)Kant’s ethical theory is grounded in the respect owed to individuals because they are rational moral agents. As social workers we work with service users to determine ‘what is the right thing to do’. Reasons are seen as more reliable when making moral judgements than emotions. This is not to say that Kant overlooks the importance of emotions, merely that they do not give the moral agent reason for action. Moral motives are attached to moral principles t hat lead people to do the right thing. (Gray, 2010) Autonomy and freedom are two absolute values for Kant. He believed that since people were rational beings, they had the ability to create universal laws and follow them. Furthermore, people were self-regulated by their own rules/laws because they were free to determine for themselves without laws imposed by others. Thus, the two notions of autonomy and freedom were identical in Kantian theory and interdependently connected (RHODES, 1986). In contrast with other theories on ethics, such as hedonism and utilitarianism, Kant believed that the purpose of ethics was not to teach people to reach for their personal happiness. On the contrary, ethical living for Kant was achieved at the cost of our urges and instincts. However it is necessary for individuals to be aware of their own personal needs and wills. Concerning social work ethics, the Kantian ethic of self-determination is one of the most important ethical commitments of the social work profession. Social workers are educated to intervene in human lives in a way that their actions preserve the right of all humans to determine for themselves. Self-determination is a fundamental value that entails us as social workers to respect the person and encourage the person to act for themselves(Parrott, 2008). Based on the dual focus of the Kantian theory in autonomy and freedom, the ethic of self-determination reflects a belief that everyone is a rational being who can decide on their own about what is good or bad. Therefore, a rational being can also understand the meaning of punishment when their actions infringe on the freedom and the autonomy of others (Clark, 2000). Furthermore, social workers are also committed to act with respect for one’s dignity, and this also demonstrates Kantian thinking and its absolute ethical obligation to see every person as an end and not as a means (Rhodes, 1986). However social workers need to be conscious, that self-determination in practice may be unclear and can be seen as ‘professional ideology—an inter-related set of values and ideas. The concept is derived from a number of ideas and values outside social work, but it appears to have little direct relevance to social work in practice. (SPICKER, 1990) Kant’s principle of respect for persons, which is very relevant for current social work is as an end in itself, and is tied to his view of individuals as rational beings with autonomy and the capacity to exercise choice (Gray, 2000). It is this condition of human agency that sets the object of moral requirement in place and places limitations on our actions. It is precisely this view of t he individual that social work adopts. It leads to attention being paid to responsibility as the flipside of duty or obligation and to ethical decision making as a rational activity. The classic utilitarian’s believe that the ultimate good is something that most people actually desire, such as happiness or pleasure. Specifically, the doctrine of ethical hedonism and most of the modern utilitarian’s take pleasure as the ultimate goal to which we should aim. In its simplest form, utilitarianism states that in any situation where there is a moral choice, which is likely to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people or the least harm to the world as a whole. Therefore, everyone ought to obey the laws that ensure the balance between the good for the individual and for the society as a whole (Rhodes, 1986; Clark, 2000) However focusing on a utilitarian outlook loses sight of the individual and their values and the riots that took place in England over the summer highlights this. The government â€Å"blamed a â€Å"broken society† for the wave of rioting and looting that spread through London http://www. guardian. co. k/social-care-network/2011/dec/09/live-reading-the-riots-social-careand there was a loud national outcry to deal robustly with the people that that took part in the riots and to give them sanctions like i. e. eviction from social housing, loss of state benefits, jail sentences However there were no considerations made for individuals and rhetoric like ‘social fight back’ gave such a combative position from the government. The summer riots emphasised the need for social workers to adhere to the GSCC codes o f practice and to hold fast to ethics and values that under pin the discipline in the face of the moral panic. As emphasised by Theresa May’s and David Cameron recent speeches â€Å"The riots weren’t about protests, unemployment, cuts,† she said. â€Å"The riots weren’t about the future, about tomorrow. They were about today. They were about now. They were about instant gratification. Because all the riots really come down to was money. † â€Å"Parts of the state and its agencies had become demoralised from a moral collapse that has seen children without fathers and alienated, angry young people. The riots were not about race or poverty, but about behaviour and moral breakdown and people without proper boundaries. http://www. guardian. co. uk/social-care-network/2011/dec/09/live-reading-the-riots-social-care This highlights the challenge that social workers face in contemporary social work, as ‘agents of the state’ how do we work with these service users and empower them to make their own decisions when the current government belittles their fr ustrations and dismisses the inequalities that they experience on a day to day basis and ignore their feelings of powerlessness, voicelessness and under-representation. The government outlook does not take into consideration the evidence which suggests that rioters were generally poorer than the country at large. Analysis of more than a 1,000 court records suggests 59% of the England rioters come from 20% of the most deprived areas of the UK. Other analysis carried out by the Department for Education and the Ministry of Justice on young riot defendants found that 64% came from the poorest fifth of areas and only 3% from the richest. This viewpoint makes it difficult for service users to not regard social workers with an air of suspicion ‘social workers have always been viewed by some people, on the far left of the political spectrum, as part of the social problem because they are agents of the state. This perspective sees social workers’ role as a sop for the poor and the marginalised by a brutal capitalist system. (Okitikpi, 2011) Although this may be difficult for some service users, ultimately as part of their code from The British Association of Social Workers (BASW, 2002): â€Å"social workers have a duty to†¦ ring to the attention of those in power and the general public, and where appropriate challenge ways in which the policies or activities of government, organisations or society create or contribute to structural disadvantages, hardship and suffering or militate against their relief (BASW, 2002, Section 3. 2. 2. 2. a. ). This a code that social workers adhere to as many social worker s were initially motivated to join the profession by their desire to work for social justice and to have direct helping relationships. Cree, 2007)study reinforces the point that practitioners see their role as being that of an enabler and facilitator working alongside people. The entrenchment of user-involvement in all areas of the profession has also done much to reinforce practitioners’ perception of the centrality of the caring aspects of their role. A greater emphasis should be placed on social workers to practice feminist ethics ‘feminist ethics of care attempts to provide a more complete view of morality and ethics in social work of care’ (Gray, 2010). This eschews more abstract ethical perspectives and requires social workers to look at themselves and their capacities for empathy, courage and compassion. Virtue theory insists that it’s misguided to expect reason to be able to establish some infallible moral doctrine which is compulsory and often counter to human nature and emotions. Perhaps morality is not about conforming to rules, but more about being trained to see problematic situations in a moral way. Morality may not be the rational control of the emotions but, more appropriately, the cultivation of desirable emotions (Phoca, 1999). Hugman, 2005)argues there is a growing interest in placing emotions at the heart of ethics. The helping relationship is one where the emotional content is often silent in the discussion of ethics. Feminists regard this approach as reductive in its presumptions about the overriding importance of duties and obligations, and rules and principles in moral behaviour. This implies that social wo rkers keep clients’ confidence, for example, merely because it is their duty to do so. For feminists, there is much more to morality than this we keep confidentiality because we care about our clients. Gray, 2010) Social workers are bound by the GSCC codes of practice; there is an obligation to have regard for inequalities within society and to consider the many forms of discrimination service user’s encounter on a regular basis. Discrimination is explained by Thompson (2007); he describes discrimination with the use of his Personal, Cultural and Structural (PCS) model; the Personal refers to the psychological characteristics of discrimination and how such personal experiences impact upon our attitudes; Cultural makes reference to perceived societal norms – our shared socially How to cite Social Philosophy Has Its Place in Social Work Practice, Papers

Impact of IT in Healthcare Sector

Question: Discuss about the Impact of IT in Healthcare Sector. Answer: Introduction Mostashari (2014) opined that the health information technology involves with the plan, development, formation as well as protection of the information systems for the industry of the healthcare. The automated healthcare information systems are predictable to lower the costs, develop the efficiency as well as decrease errors to provide with better services as well as consumer cares (Kapoor and Kleinbart 2012). Due to the threat over the patient data breaches, the new technology is initiated such as mobile health devices, updating of the IT associated with the incentive programs that approve the heath IT system. The report is based on the importance of IT within the healthcare sector as well as its requirements of the IT. It also reflects on the use and benefits with its advantages of IT within the healthcare sector. Apart from this, some risks are also occurred within the healthcare sector due to the use of information technology. It also processes to maintain as well as monitor the use of information technology. Need of IT in healthcare sector Health Information Technology is needed to handle protected health information (PHI) that is subject to the Health Insurance Portability as well as Accountability Act Privacy Rule. This rule gives access to the PHI as well as defends the privacy of the information by preventive access to further parties (Alali and Salim 2013). The healthcare industry is unique in their ways it creates economic opportunities and achievements. The following are the areas where the needs of IT within the healthcare sector: 1. Electronic patient records includes central data repository of information of patients available to the healthcare providers. 2. Electronic scheduling of the appointments for hospitals is available to refer to general practitioners (Dua 2012). 3. E-prescribing permits electronic prescriptions filled by the physicians to pursue both the pharmacy as well as prescription costing authority to administer the payments (Rahman 2012). 4. Improvement over the communications networks in order to facilitate communication across the National Health Service (Lammassaari and Hiltunen 2015). Importance of IT in the healthcare sector Recent advances in the IT helps to enable the providers to recover the superiority of the patient care. The patient care exploits the new tools as well as information that the systems offer while continuing over the patient centric approach. The software supports the procedures of core medical as well as hardware permits easy access to information (Sarnikar and Murphy 2012). With increasing investment in the modern IT systems, the organization improves the healthcare for the patients. With the help of IT, the doctors can communicate with their patients as well as other doctors. Therefore, it helps to stay the patients healthy (Reina et al. 2012). As the medical staffs as well as patients are the heart of the healthcare sector, then it continues to be heart of the healthcare. With the increasing adoption of the IT, the healthcare IT continues to entire stage of care that the patients within the region can assistance (Yang, Kankanhalli and Chandran 2015). Using the software, it provides with easy access to the information at the point of care and the hardware allows the communication of data across the facilities as well as assembles the access points (Carlucci and Schiuma 2012). It facilitates with condition of improved care of patients by the providers of healthcare. With the development of IT, the decisions should be better informed. Requirement of IT into the business Information technology has the potential to give the doctors as well as providers of the medical care to give an entire picture of the patients in front of them. Then, the patients can provide an easier way to access the complete record of medical (Lammassaari and Hiltunen 2015). The promotion of the heath II is done by e prescribing, e-transactions as well as medical set of code. It is the solution to give the healthcare entities in order to keep the cost of implementation down. The most vital challenge for the IT health is the cost. The providers are expected to bear the cost of implementation as well as savings accrue to others (Saltenberger et al. 2015). The other requirement of the IT is to protect the privacy of the patients. Within the database, the confidential information of the patients is stored electronically. Cost: IT enables the healthcare providers to reduce the operating cost as it automates the work to make the data analysis easier as well as within short time (Kapoor and Kleinbart 2012). Planning: The doctors with the use of information technology shares information with the patients over the internet so that they can take important decisions about the healthcare. Designing: Information technology designs the electronic systems to protect the valuable records of the patients (Dua 2012). Equipments: With the use of IT, the healthcare providers can access to various equipments such as electronic heath records, decision support system, bar coding, radio frequency identification etc (icarehealth.com.au 2015). Installation: With the IT systems, the providers can easily access to the electronic network, such that they can access the internet from the home (Sarnikar and Murphy 2012). This accessibility increases the profitability of the healthcare sectors. Training: Proper training is given to the healthcare providers so that they can easily use the new technology healthcare tools. Use of IT in the healthcare sector With the use of IT, the heath care sectors will get accurate as well as complete information about the health of the patients. The service providers give possible care during the medical emergency (Kapoor and Kleinbart 2012). The doctors with the use of information technology shares information with the patients over the internet so that they can take important decisions about the healthcare. The following are the technologies that are used in the information technology within the healthcare sectors: Electronic Health Record: It records all the data of the patients from various sources. It also records the healthcare data of the patients (Johnson 2013). It is a part of automated order entry as well as a patient tracking system provides with real time access to the data of the patients. Decision Support System: It provides the physicians as well as nurses with real time treatment suggestions (Spagnoletti 2013). It consists of wide varieties of technologies ranges from simple alerts to full clinical pathways as well as protocols. Computerized provider order entry: It is a medication ordering as well as execution system consists of the lab orders, discharges, referrals etc. Bar coding: An optical scanner is used to capture the information as well as data encoded on the product (Johnson 2013). It is used for the purpose of medication such as matching drugs to the patients by using the bar codes on the medications as well as patients. Radio Frequency Identification: Using a wireless communication system, the technology tracks the patients throughout the hospital, tracking of medication. Picture achieving and communication systems: It captures as well as integrates the images of diagnostic as well as radiological from the devices such as X-ray, MRI etc. It disseminates the medical records and clinical data repository (Saltenberger et al. 2015). Benefits and advantages of IT in the healthcare sector The following are the benefits and advantages of IT within the healthcare sector: Protect the data of the patients: Information technology gives better access to the patients data by providing access to the data only to the authorized person. Reduce the operational cost: IT eliminates the data wastes and then mines the data storage (Joo 2012). The cost relates to the healthcare professionals, medical, equipments of lab are reduced. Accessibility enables the healthcare providers to reduce the costs that are associated with the duplicating tests since the providers access to perform the test results. Improve over the gross margin: The balance scorecard improves the gross margin of the healthcare sector using various IT as well as analytical tools that satisfy with the services of the patients (icarehealth.com.au 2015). Reduce the human and medical error: The information system supports the healthcare system by exchanging over the medical information of the patients (Reina et al. 2012). The details of the patients are entered into the system without any chances of medical error. Not only has that it improved the doctors performance, it improves the requirements of the medical equipments (Yang, Kankanhalli and Chandran 2015). Clerical activities such as remainders of appointment, notification of laboratory results are handled electronically results into reduction of human errors. Improve over the satisfaction level of the patients: The patients are satisfied with increasing the accountability among the healthcare service providers (Joo 2012). All the clinicians are aware of the past as well as current medical histories when various healthcare providers treat the patients. Types of IT risks in the business Privacy and security risks: Privacy and security risks occurs due to the hackers, theft, stolen of the patients data and unauthorized access of the data. Installation risk: Installation of the healthcare information technology within the healthcare sector is more complicated than installation of the software on the computer connected to the internet (Reina et al. 2012). If the records of the patients contain any error, then the system stores the error data into it. Poor quality of the data: When the information of the patient is delivered into another system, that time the process may be hamper due to wrong delivery of the reports (Mathew and Pillai 2015). Then, it hampers the entire information technology solutions and hampers the trust of the heathcare professionals. Poor usability of the information system: It prompts the error that threatens the productivity of the patients, loss of profitability and makes disappointment understand the quality advantages of health data innovation. The framework is not easy to incorporate and give the best data prompts for decision-making (Yang, Kankanhalli and Chandran 2015). Hence, if the information technology device that is executed has the absence of ease of use, then it is not ready to show the information that helps with settling on the vital choice. The result is that it is a costly undertaking that produces little value to the information. Process to maintain and monitor the IT The healthcare providers are required to monitor the hardware as well as software assets with complete detailing of the reports contains details of information technology devices as well as software on the network (Sarnikar and Murphy 2012). Firstly, security IT monitoring is required to secure the hardware of the system and mitigate the security risks before it exploits to vulnerabilities. Secondly, the automated system IT monitoring is required to monitor the system to make sure that the hardware is functioning normally (Lammassaari and Hiltunen 2015). Thirdly, backup IT monitoring is required to protect the data secured. It monitors the backup of the system as well as the issues are resolved. Recommendations 1. Training should be given to the healthcare providers so that they can handle the system more efficiently. 2. The management should use of strategic plan to increase the use of information technology within the healthcare sectors. 3. The healthcare providers should use of proper security as well as privacy techniques to protect the data as well as information of the patients. Conclusion It is concluded that IT within the healthcare sectors give significant benefits to their business operations by improving over the risks to make the business successful. In order to increase the satisfaction level of the patients, it is required to make IT strategic operations. It is required that the healthcare providers should hire more and more IT professionals to deal with the IT issues of the company. It is also observed that the doctors with the use of information technology shares information with the patients over the internet so that they can take important decisions about the healthcare. The medical staffs as well as patients are the heart of the healthcare sector, therefore in the future further implementation is required. The providers are expected to bear the cost of implementation as well as savings accrue to others. The other requirement of the IT is to protect the privacy of the patients. References Alali, H. and Salim, J., 2013. Virtual Communities of Practice Success Model to Support Knowledge Sharing behaviour in Healthcare Sector.Procedia Technology, 11, pp.176-183. Carlucci, D. and Schiuma, G., 2012. Assessing and Managing Organizational Climate in Healthcare Organizations.International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector, 4(4), pp.49-61. Dua, S., 2012.Information systems, technology and management. Berlin: Springer. icarehealth.com.au, 2015.icarehealth. [online] www. icarehealth.com.au. Available at: https://www.icarehealth.com.au/blog/category/sucess-stories/ [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016]. Johnson, M., 2013. Buy-side barriers to e-business technology in the healthcare sector.International Journal of Healthcare Technology and Management, 14(1/2), p.110. Joo, M., 2012. Wellness Information System for Smart Healthcare.JAITC, 2(2). Kapoor, B. and Kleinbart, M., 2012. Building an Integrated Patient Information System for a Healthcare Network.Journal of Cases on Information Technology, 14(2), pp.27-41. Lammassaari, M. and Hiltunen, E., 2015. Change in the Finnish healthcare: managerial sensemaking in the private sector.International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 21(1/2/3), p.5. Mathew, P.S. and Pillai, A.S., 2015, March. Big Data solutions in Healthcare: Problems and perspectives. InInnovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Mostashari, F., 2014. Health information technology and Healthcare.Healthcare, 2(1), pp.1-2. Rahman, H., 2012.Knowledge and technologies in innovative information systems. Berlin: Springer. Reina, R., Cetani, T., Lacroce, A. and Ventura, M., 2012. A Healthcare Project.International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector, 4(4), pp.1-19. Saltenberger, J., Li, Y., Tsou, M. and Bahramzi, S., 2015. Web GIS as a useful tool for the health and social service sector.International Journal of Healthcare Technology and Management, 15(1), p.58. Sarnikar, S. and Murphy, M., 2012. A Usability Analysis Framework for Healthcare Information Technology.International Journal of Technology Diffusion, 3(4), pp.20-28. Spagnoletti, P., 2013.Organizational change and information systems. Berlin: Springer. Yang, Y., Kankanhalli, A. and Chandran, S., 2015. A stage model of information technology in healthcare.Health Technol., 5(1), pp.1-11.

International Marketing and Its Challenges

Global marketing is described as the process through which individuals or companies produce products, offer services, and make them available to customers worldwide (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2006). This type of marketing has brought about development within the world and more so, creating job opportunities for many people.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Marketing and Its Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purpose of this analysis is to help readers establish more about international marketing and to learn on some of the challenges that this type of market is subjected to. It is also aimed at assisting individuals as well as companies in discovering ways in which they can indulge themselves in this kind of markets (Keegan and Green, 2012). Companies, which market their products and services globally, are faced with several cultural factors and as such, they either favor or disfavor their global marketing strategies. These cultural dimensions include; Competition Marketing globally tends to create a great competition especially if many entrepreneurs in the world, who uses the same channel to market, are engaging with the same type of products. Global marketing is largely facilitated by technological development aspects and hence bringing about tremendous development in communication and transport in meeting, the customer’s needs effectively (Johansson, 2008). As a result, continuous provision of quality products to consumers from different companies and countries is ensured. As such, it means that the competition for a product or service is very high. This can be regarded as a great challenge to entrepreneurs’ as they try to ensure that their goods are presentable and attractive to the consumers. In response to this challenge, companies pump many resources to try having a competitive advantage and as such, those companies with a small funding capa city can easily back out (Gerbe, 2007). Political culture The state of governance in countries, which a company decides to trade with, greatly determines how one will run his/her business in that country. In some countries, there exist conflicts in almost every sphere meaning that the political environment is unstable and as such, trading in that country becomes difficult (Gerbe, 2007). For instance, tax charged on imported goods might be very high such that low funded companies cannot meet and hence posing as a great hindrance to trade.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other countries employ dictatorship mode of governance and as such, some harsh rules are put into place, which tends to suppress the foreign investors and entrepreneurs and therefore, the marketing of a product or service may reduce due to harsh political environment (Johansson, 2008). Society Lifestyle I n any country, the lifestyle of its citizen will determine if the marketing of foreign made goods or services will be successful or not. Some products are not accepted in certain countries because of their cultures and taboos. Therefore, before a company decides to engage global marketing, it is necessary to find out if their way of living does support the use the product or service it intends to introduce. This decision is necessary as, if a company fails to consider the lifestyle, then it becomes a victim of terrible marketing thus tremendous losses (Hollensen, 2001). Capital Marketing globally necessitates pumping huge amounts of financial resources. This plays a great challenge to individual or companies who cannot meet the cost. It mostly affects the developing worlds as well as the third world countries (Matt, 2008). For a company to engage successfully into this type of market, it becomes important that there be a continuous flow of substantial income to ensure that there is no delay in the production of the product. The delay can lead to the collapse of the company due to the high competition from other well off firms where the consumers can turn to at any time. Capital necessary to finance such big investments can be obtained through loans from banks and other financial institutions (Dana, 2001). A company, for instance, dealing with cosmetic or beauty products, may face a challenge in its effort aimed at marketing its products globally whereby it would be subjected by stiff and unhealthy competition. Such a company should establish criteria on how to deal with this problem in order to survive in the field. Due presence of an integrated technology, the competition is exceedingly escalating and thus, for a company to survive this competition, it must ensure that its products are readily available to the consumers even at their doorsteps (Hollensen, 2007). The use of Internet makes it possible for enterprise to advertise their products using their websi te therefore reaching as many market segments as possible without incorporating a lot of resource or energy.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Marketing and Its Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This, in turn, will ensure that the companies make tremendous amounts of profits. Since there are so many companies making use of global markets to market cosmetic products, there is a wide variety of products for the consumer to choose from, the quality of the product also determines how consumers will respond to the product (Kaynak, 2002). For a company to effectively engage in global marketing and develop a competitive advantage over its competitors, it must recommend ideas and tactics and incorporate them in its global marketing strategy. Such recommendations would include; Search competition culture information A company dealing with cosmetic and beauty products must take advantage of the existing integrated information technology to search adequately the relevant information regarding the nature of competition existing among companies marketing their beauty products globally. It must get into fine details including the amount of resources capable of giving it a commanding lead as well as a competitive advantage over its competitors. In addition, it must find information on untapped markets and doing all this, it can easily avoid unhealthy competition (Schmidtmann, 2008). High quality products and services To effectively attract a substantial demand for beauty products and services from customers across the world, it is necessary that a company dealing with such products to ensure that an integrated paradigm in management is put in place. As such, it will ensure that its products pass through quality assurance tests and hence, the products must be of superior quality. This is a winning strategy, putting competition into consideration, as customers will always prefer quality and unique products. Moreover, quality products are indispensable and will become accepted across many countries across the world (Hollensen, 2007). Multi level Marketing Beauty products are regarded as basic needs as nearly every person uses them. Their markets are readily available and as such, making use of people globally to take these products and services to their doorsteps becomes an important aspect if a company wishes to attain a competitive advantage. As such, not many companies indulging in global market trading do employ retailing at such levels. Utilizing diversified marketing levels is an important aspect in establishment of different market segments in an effort to mitigate the presence of stiff competition (Saidin, 2007).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fair Prices While still maintaining high levels of quality among its beauty products and services, the company indulging itself in global marketing must ensure that it maintains affordable prices of their products and services. As such, the prices must be slightly below the competitor’s prices. Fair prices are used to entice customers and as such, they prove to be effective as large volumes of sales are realized and this means that a company has achieved a certain degree of command in respect to competition (Saidin, 2007). Liaison A company dealing with cosmetic and beauty products and services can liaise with specific wholesalers as well as retailers globally to sell its products through them subject to a small merit fee. A company, which intends to achieve an upper hand in issues concerning competition, it is necessary that, it approach various groups of traders to optimize the channels through which its products will be distributed. From this analysis, it is clear that glo bal marketing is faced with a great deal of challenges positioned by cultural dimensions the major ones being economic culture, that is, capital, competition from the like minded companies, politics in various countries across the world as well as the diversified lifestyles shown by different categories of people, their cultures, tastes and preferences. A company must be very cautious in engaging into the global market to avoid setbacks resulted by undesirability of its products. As such, it must establish measures to curb these possibilities, especially the case associated with global competition (Mooij, 2009). The most important effort towards mitigation of such issues is making substantial use of the integrated information technology to establish the strengths and the weaknesses of the competitors. References Czinkota, M.R, Ronkainen, I.R., (2006), Global marketing, Oklahoma: Dryden Press Dana, L.P., (2001), Global Marketing Co-Operation and Networks, New Jersey: Routledge Gerbe , K. (2007), Intercultural Communication as a Strategy of Global Marketing: Marketing, Marienstrasse: GRIN Verlag Hollensen, S. (2001), Global marketing: a market-responsive approach, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Hollensen, S., (2007), Global marketing: a decision-oriented approach, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Johansson, J.K. (2008), Global Marketing: Foreign Entry, Local Marketing, and Global Management, New York: MJMcGraw-Hill Irwin Kaynak, E. (2002), Strategic Global Marketing: Issues and Trends, New Jersey: Routledge Keegan, W.J, and Green, M., (2012), Global Marketing. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Matt, K.J. (2008), Global Marketing: A Cultural Point of View. Mason: Cengage Learning Mooij, M.K. (2009), Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Saidin, S. (2007), Global Marketing: Myth or reality. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Schmidtmann, L. (2008), Global Marketing and Global Human Resources Management – Internationale. Marienstrasse : GRIN Verlag This assessment on International Marketing and Its Challenges was written and submitted by user Gianna A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Binomial Table for n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5 and n=6

Binomial Table for n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5 and n=6 One important discrete random variable is a binomial random variable. The distribution of this type of variable, referred to as the binomial distribution, is completely determined by two parameters: n   and p.   Here n is the number of trials and p is the probability of success. The tables below are for n 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The probabilities in each are rounded to three decimal places. Before using the table, it is important to determine if a binomial distribution should be used. In order to use this type of distribution, we must make sure that the following conditions are met: We have a finite number of observations or trials.The outcome of teach trial can be classified as either a success or a failure.The probability of success remains constant.The observations are independent of one another. The binomial distribution gives the probability of r successes in an experiment with a total of n independent trials, each having probability of success p.  Ã‚   Probabilities are calculated by the formula C(n, r)pr(1 - p)n - r where C(n, r) is the formula for combinations. Each entry in the table is arranged by the values of p and of r.   There is a different table for each value of n.   Other Tables For other binomial distribution tables: n 7 to 9, n 10 to 11.   For situations in which np  and n(1 - p) are greater than or equal to 10, we can use the normal approximation to the binomial distribution.   In this case, the approximation is very good and does not require the calculation of binomial coefficients.   This provides a great advantage because these binomial calculations can be quite involved. Example To see how to use the table, we will consider the following example from genetics.   Suppose that we are interested in studying the offspring of two parents who we know both have a recessive and dominant gene.   The probability that an offspring will inherit two copies of the recessive gene (and hence have the recessive trait) is 1/4.   Suppose we want to consider the probability that a certain number of children in a six-member family possesses this trait.   Let X be the number of children with this trait.   We look at the table for n 6 and the column with p 0.25, and see the following: 0.178, 0.356, 0.297, 0.132, 0.033, 0.004, 0.000 This means for our example that P(X 0) 17.8%, which is the probability that none of the children has the recessive trait.P(X 1) 35.6%, which is the probability that one of the children has the recessive trait.P(X 2) 29.7%, which is the probability that two of the children have the recessive trait.P(X 3) 13.2%, which is the probability that three of the children have the recessive trait.P(X 4) 3.3%, which is the probability that four of the children have the recessive trait.P(X 5) 0.4%, which is the probability that five of the children have the recessive trait. Tables for n2 to n6 n 2 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .980 .902 .810 .723 .640 .563 .490 .423 .360 .303 .250 .203 .160 .123 .090 .063 .040 .023 .010 .002 1 .020 .095 .180 .255 .320 .375 .420 .455 .480 .495 .500 .495 .480 .455 .420 .375 .320 .255 .180 .095 2 .000 .002 .010 .023 .040 .063 .090 .123 .160 .203 .250 .303 .360 .423 .490 .563 .640 .723 .810 .902 n 3 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .970 .857 .729 .614 .512 .422 .343 .275 .216 .166 .125 .091 .064 .043 .027 .016 .008 .003 .001 .000 1 .029 .135 .243 .325 .384 .422 .441 .444 .432 .408 .375 .334 .288 .239 .189 .141 .096 .057 .027 .007 2 .000 .007 .027 .057 .096 .141 .189 .239 .288 .334 .375 .408 .432 .444 .441 .422 .384 .325 .243 .135 3 .000 .000 .001 .003 .008 .016 .027 .043 .064 .091 .125 .166 .216 .275 .343 .422 .512 .614 .729 .857 n 4 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .961 .815 .656 .522 .410 .316 .240 .179 .130 .092 .062 .041 .026 .015 .008 .004 .002 .001 .000 .000 1 .039 .171 .292 .368 .410 .422 .412 .384 .346 .300 .250 .200 .154 .112 .076 .047 .026 .011 .004 .000 2 .001 .014 .049 .098 .154 .211 .265 .311 .346 .368 .375 .368 .346 .311 .265 .211 .154 .098 .049 .014 3 .000 .000 .004 .011 .026 .047 .076 .112 .154 .200 .250 .300 .346 .384 .412 .422 .410 .368 .292 .171 4 .000 .000 .000 .001 .002 .004 .008 .015 .026 .041 .062 .092 .130 .179 .240 .316 .410 .522 .656 .815 n 5 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .951 .774 .590 .444 .328 .237 .168 .116 .078 .050 .031 .019 .010 .005 .002 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 1 .048 .204 .328 .392 .410 .396 .360 .312 .259 .206 .156 .113 .077 .049 .028 .015 .006 .002 .000 .000 2 .001 .021 .073 .138 .205 .264 .309 .336 .346 .337 .312 .276 .230 .181 .132 .088 .051 .024 .008 .001 3 .000 .001 .008 .024 .051 .088 .132 .181 .230 .276 .312 .337 .346 .336 .309 .264 .205 .138 .073 .021 4 .000 .000 .000 .002 .006 .015 .028 .049 .077 .113 .156 .206 .259 .312 .360 .396 .410 .392 .328 .204 5 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .002 .005 .010 .019 .031 .050 .078 .116 .168 .237 .328 .444 .590 .774 n 6 p .01 .05 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 .85 .90 .95 r 0 .941 .735 .531 .377 .262 .178 .118 .075 .047 .028 .016 .008 .004 .002 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1 .057 .232 .354 .399 .393 .356 .303 .244 .187 .136 .094 .061 .037 .020 .010 .004 .002 .000 .000 .000 2 .001 .031 .098 .176 .246 .297 .324 .328 .311 .278 .234 .186 .138 .095 .060 .033 .015 .006 .001 .000 3 .000 .002 .015 .042 .082 .132 .185 .236 .276 .303 .312 .303 .276 .236 .185 .132 .082 .042 .015 .002 4 .000 .000 .001 .006 .015 .033 .060 .095 .138 .186 .234 .278 .311 .328 .324 .297 .246 .176 .098 .031 5 .000 .000 .000 .000 .002 .004 .010 .020 .037 .061 .094 .136 .187 .244 .303 .356 .393 .399 .354 .232 6 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .002 .004 .008 .016 .028 .047 .075 .118 .178 .262 .377 .531 .735

Hydrology; Cleanup Surfactant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hydrology; Cleanup Surfactant - Research Paper Example The residual organic liquid facilitates for an aquifer contamination. This takes place as water dissolves in the soil to join the rest of the ground water (Brusseau et al., 2009). It is hence evident that the contaminants are stored in the soil. In other words soil is also contaminated. It had been long believed that pump and treat methods were helpful in cleaning up contaminated soil. However, it has been discovered that these methods are neither economical nor effective means of recuperating residual NAPL from the contaminated aquifers. The inefficiency is attributed to low aqueous solubility of most NAPL as well as large interracial tension that exist between NAPL and groundwater. These aspects prevent displacement of residual NAPL globules at realistic pumping velocities. Aqueous surfactant solutions have instead been approved as the best criteria of removing NAPL from the contaminated aquifers (McCray et al., 2001). BioSolve and PetroSolve are examples of the aqueous surfactant solutions used in cleaning up soil in the world today. Various aspects are linked to these products which imply why these products are recommendable in the clean-up process as the document discusses. There are two main reasons why aqueous surfactants are recommendable in soil clean-up process. One of the reasons is that they tend to increase the superficial solubility of NAPLs. Secondly, they reduce interracial tension available between organic and aqueous phases. These phases help in inducing the mobilization of the residual organic liquids. The BioSolve and PetroSolve surfactants cleanup facilitate the removal of deposited and sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the diesel fuels from the soil as well as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These techniques have succeeded as a result of critical micelle concentration. This aspect dramatically enhances the aqueous solubility of the hydrophobic organic compounds (Carroll & Brusseau, 2009). BioSolve can be

Evaluate the policies that could be used in the UK to meet inflation Essay

Evaluate the policies that could be used in the UK to meet inflation targets - Essay Example The UK, just like the US and Germany, has a growing workforce, and its wages has also been increasing. The Europe’s unemployment rate was 9.8Â  % in March this year while it was 10.4Â  % last year the same time. In Europe, the lowest unemployment rates in March 2015 were Germany (4.7Â  %) while the highest was Greece (25.7Â  %) (Trending Economics 2015). Demand side Inflation happens when there is a surplus of demand for goods and services over the supply; the supply remains constant. Demand pull inflation involves the rise of inflation as gross domestic product increases. At the same time, the unemployment levels will be expected to fall as witnessed in UK (Thirlwall & Barton 2014). The situation is contributed by the increase in the government expenditure and no change in the tax structure. The rise in income of households is a major contributor of demand for goods and services. The increase in the supply of the money in the country leaves more non-reusable income with the people causing the demand for products and services (Miles 2014). A loose monetary policy can cause the increase in money supply. In addition, inflows from other nations because of export will enhance the money supply. In UK, demand-pull inflation may be attributed to increasing disposable of the citizens. As the levels of income of people go up, the demand to buy things also go up (Willett & Laney 2014). When demand goes up, and supply remains stagnant, prices of goods will go up leading to demand pull inflation. The government must make every effort to ensure that there is a balance between demand and supply to eliminate any case of inflation. When there is a surplus in demand, there should be strategies to ensure that the demand is met expeditiously. Inflation is not good for any country hence the need to maintain it at a low level. Cost push inflation emanates from supply side; the rise in the cost of production and a constant demand causes

Benefits of Breastfeeding and Stages of Child Feeding

Benefits of Breastfeeding and Stages of Child Feeding Breastfeeding is the oldest method of feeding a child and has existed since the beginning of time. Most of the mothers received advice on the methods of feeding their infants and it comes from a variety of different sources like relatives or their mothers, health professionals, friends, books, magazines and baby food manufacturers. Similar findings were reported by Worsfold (1996). It is found to confer several advantages to both the breastfed child and his mother. This is in line with the study by Gartner et al. (2005). 98.0% of mothers knew about the importance of breast-feeding. The most prominent benefit identified by 92.6% of mothers were protection of the baby from diseases as stated by Duggan et al. (1990) and Berg et al. (1984). 23.4% who found it to be economical and this matches the study by Duggan et al. (1990) and NRDC (2005). 8.5% of mothers concluded that breastfeeding protects the baby from childhood obesity as suggested by Cook et al. (2003) compared to the study by Clifford (2003) who did not find any association between them. Also, 8.5% of mothers agreed that breastfeeding prevents the mother from gaining weight. This is explained by the fact that during lactation, many calories are spent to produce milk as mentioned by NRDC (2005) and Brudenell et al. (1995). It can be seen that mothers in Mauritius had a good knowledge on the beneficial aspe cts of breastfeeding. Therefore mothers will try their best to breastfeed their child. This will not only provide adequate nutrition to their child but also some beneficial health effects to the breastfeeding mothers. Out of those 98 mothers who said that breastfeeding is important, 90 breastfed their child. However, all those who said that breastfeeding is not important breastfed their child. Those eight mothers who could not breastfeed their baby despite being aware of its benefits reported that they were either drug addicts, HIV positive or their baby was adopted. A study by Ashworth (2005) reported that the HIV virus can be passed from an HIV-infected mother to her baby, known as mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). This study also suggested that one in every 20 babies will become infected if breast-fed for six months while three in every 20 will become infected if breast-feeding continues for two years. Breast milk substitutes and their hazards Breast milk substitutes are alternatives to breast milk. They include powdered or liquid milks or formula, wet-nurses and exclude therapeutic formulas used under medical supervision (USAID, 2006). 82.0% of mothers knew about the hazards associated with breast milk substitutes. 61.0% of mothers reported diarrhea as the utmost hazard which does not tally with the study by Fein § et al. (1997). The second hazard mentioned by 48.8% mothers was severe abdominal pain. 41.5% of mothers stated that vomiting was associated with the use of breast milk substitutes as researched by Dugdale and Eaton-Evans (1987). Allergy and childhood obesity were reported by only 31.7% of 7.3% of mothers respectively. These show that the mothers were very much aware of the hazards associated with breast milk substitutes. Mother would probably try to limit the use of breast milk substitutes as much as possible by taking into account the hazards associated with them. In this way, breastfeeding will be promoted leading to an improved health status of the children of Mauritius. However, for mothers who cannot or choose not to breastfeed for genuine and valid reasons, the use of breast milk substitutes may still be considered as a safe choice. Colostrum Colostrum is the yellowish, sticky breast milk produced at the end of pregnancy (WHO, 2010). 78.0% of mothers knew about colostrum. 72.5% of mothers correctly rightly defined it as the precursor to breast milk while 78.0% 0f mothers correctly described its appearance as a sticky pale yellow liquid. This shows that Mauritian mothers knew that colostrum is the first milk produced just after delivery and was able to describe it properly. 4.2 BREASTFEEDING PRACTICES Initiation of breastfeeding 47.3% of mothers breastfed their child in less than one hour after birth as recommended by the WHO (2010) and USAID (2006) while some breastfed their child after several days. A 22% reduction in neonatal mortality was seen in rural Ghana if breastfeeding is started within the first hour after birth (Edmond et al., 2006). It was also found that early initiation of breastfeeding builds on the babys innate reflexes and babies who start breastfeeding at this time continue to breastfeed exclusively thus adopting optimal feeding. The mothers body produces the hormone while enhancing the flow of milk. The mothers commensal (normal) bacteria start colonizing the babys skin and gut thereby protecting the baby against the harmful bacteria in the environment. During this time, the baby is calmer, is in an alert state with stable breathing and heart rate. Early initiation of breastfeeding has also been shown to help reduce post-partum bleeding, a major cause of maternal mortality in developing c ountries (IBFAN-Asia, 2007). In light of these studies, mothers should be advised and encouraged to breastfeed their baby just after birth or in less than one hour after birth. 66 mothers claimed that breastfeeding must be initiated in less than one hour after birth but unfortunately only 39 of them practised it. The main barriers associated with late initiation of breastfeeding in cesarean section deliveries were the adverse effects of anesthesia on mother-infant pairs, maternal discomfort and delayed onset of lactation as stated by Emel. (2010). Exclusive breastfeeding 36.8% of mothers rightly carried out exclusive breastfeeding for six months. Exclusive breastfeeding was found to contribute to protection against common infections during infancy and to lessen the frequency and severity of infectious episodes while partial breastfeeding did not seem to provide this protective effect and this was confirmed in a research by Galanakis et al. (2010). Unfortunately very few Mauritian mothers did exclusive breastfeeding for six months. This implies that mothers introduced breast milk substitutes like for example infant formula or food items earlier in the babys diet. Stopping breast-feeding before four months and introducing solid foods were associated with overweight and obesity at three years old as reported in a study by Hawkins et al. (2009). Formula-fed babies show quicker growth rates than breast-fed babies and seem to be at a greater risk of obesity as they progress into childhood. This could be explained by arguing that a breast-fed infant has mor e control over the rate of feeding and the timing of the end of feeding while bottle-fed infant might feel pressured to take in more feed due to being led by a parent to finish the bottle as stated by Ebbeling et al. (2002). Among 51 mothers who knew that exclusive breastfeeding must be carried out for six months, only 28 of them did so. The major reason reported by mothers was insufficient milk production which was in line with the study by Petit (2008). A small group of mothers thought that breast milk did not satisfy their baby as it is easily digested as stated by Maeda et al. (2001) and that infant formula would prevent their baby from getting hungry more often. Some mothers stopped breastfeeding before six months due to fatigue, backache, nipples infection, child refuses to suckle or simply due to the easy availability of breast milk substitutes on the market. Others wanted their baby to get used to infant milk so that they can leave their baby with some family members when they had to go out or had to resume work. Complete breastfeeding 22.3% of mothers carried out breastfeeding for up to two years which shows that only a minority of mothers practiced breastfeeding for two years. However, the data showed that 17.0% of mothers carried out breastfeeding for eighteen months, 12.8% for twelve months followed by 11.7% for three months only. This was explained in terms of several reasons like inadequate amount of milk produced and baby was not receiving enough milk. Some mothers stopped breastfeeding as they wanted to get pregnant again and for aesthetic reasons. Those who work reported that they did not get breastfeeding time. Others mentioned that their infants have lost interest in nursing and their husbands had negative opinions on breastfeeding. Among the respondents, few mothers stopped breastfeeding as they had sore nipples. Others were under medication and were advised by doctors to stop breastfeeding. Certain mothers found it difficult to breastfeed their baby when they had to go out and found it more convenient to use infant formula in public places. A study claimed that the leading reason why mothers stopped breastfeeding was insufficient amount of milk produced (Hussain, 2003). Most Mauritian mothers did not breastfeed their child for two years for several reasons and this would probably had adverse health effect on the child with a reduced beneficial effect of breastfeeding to the mother herself. Weaning Weaning is the process of expanding the diet of the infant to include foods and drinks other than mothers or formula milk, to enable them to meet the extra nutritional needs for rapid growth and development (DOH, 1994).The weaning period is a crucial stage in the growth and development of the infant and child. The timing of weaning, the choice of foods, their methods of preparation, and how weanlings are fed, all affect the outcome46.5% of mothers introduced supplemental feed at six months of age. 93.0% of them introduced infant formula while others introduced mostly solid foods. It can also be seen that 29.4% of mothers started weaning before six months compared with 18.1% of mothers who began it after six months. The introduction of solid foods before 3 to 4 months were found to be associated with increased fatness and wheeze later in childhood, with an increased risk of allergy, and with higher rates of coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes in infants while the European Food Safety Authoritys panel on dietetic products, nutrition, and allergies concluded that for infants across the EU, complementary foods may be introduced safely between four to six months, and six months of exclusive breast feeding may not always provide sufficient nutrition for optimal growth and development as shown by Booth et al. (2011). Out of those 58 mothers who knew that supplemental food must be introduced at six months, 42 rightly introduced it in the babys diet at this age. At around 6-9 months changes occur in babies mouths that help them cope with the change from drinking to eating. Babies younger than this may be more at risk of choking on solid foods. For parents, leaving solid foods until around six months means less time spent preparing smooth purà ©es as babies can then cope with finger foods and lumpy foods more quickly and also fewer smelly nappies. Mothers who encourage their babies to help themselves to solid foods (an approach called baby-led weaning), rather than spoon-feeding them, say that this makes introducing solids an easier, more enjoyable and sociable experience. If breastfeeding is being continued to six months or more implies that your baby receives more antibodies and other protective factors. Giving only breast milk also means your baby is less exposed to harmful bacteria. Babies are more likely than adults to develop diarrhea and vomiting from such exposure as they have less acid in their stomachs. Early weaning is not convenient as babies do not actually produce all the enzymes needed to digest food thoroughly until they are about a year old. Under four months, any foods other than milk could put strain on the babys kidneys and the larger molecules in food are more likely to trigger an allergy. Although a baby given solids early may appear fine at the time, there are increased risks of eczema, wheezing and chest infections in childhood as suggested by NCT (2008). Others factors affecting weaning may include young maternal age, low maternal education, low socioeconomic status, absence or short duration of breastfeeding, maternal smoking, and lack of information or advice from health care in compliance with the study by Lakshman et al. (2009). Preparation of babys food at home and Use of ready-made pots 99.0% of mothers were preparing their babys food at home with 53.0% of mothers not using ready-made pots at all. This implied that among the 99.0% of mothers who were preparing their babys food at home, 40.0% of them were using ready-made pots in parallel as mothers found the cost of ready-made pots high. But due to its availability and convenience for babies, mothers tried to buy them for some meals. Therefore mothers would prepare one meal and use pots for others. Moreover, 29.4% mothers were using ready-made pots everyday while 30.4% claimed to use them rarely. The reasons for using ready-made pots rarely were due to their unaffordable price to some parents, unacceptable taste by babies, had to resume work, low freshness and less nutritious compared to ready-made pots. Mothers who prepared their babys food at home were mostly unemployed. Practice of exclusive breastfeeding and weight classification of children and BMI classification of children 35 children were exclusively breastfed for six months. From the findings, it can be seen that most of them (19) had a healthy weight represented by a percentile range which lies between 5th percentiles to less than the 85th percentile as mentioned by the CDC (2011). Also, most children had a weight of more than twice their birth weight at six months. This implied that the childs weight doubled between four to six months which tallied with the study by Mahan and Escott-Stump (2008). This indicted that exclusive breastfeeding for duration of six months did prevent excessive weight gain in children thereby protecting the children against childhood obesity. Practice on complete duration of breastfeeding with BMI classification of children Among the 21 children who were breastfed for two years, most of them had a healthy weight represented by a percentile range which lies between 5th percentiles to less than the 85th percentile. This showed that breastfeeding for two years prevents childhood obesity. However, some of the children were underweight as classified with a percentile range of less than 5th percentile. This could be explained by the fact that mothers wrongly timed the introduction of food in the babys diet or the amount and type of food given to the baby was not correct. Practice on age at which weaning started with BMI classification of children 31 children out of those 46 children who were weaned at six months had a healthy weight classified by a percentile range between 5th percentiles to less than the 85th percentile. This demonstrates that weaning at the right time prevent excessive gain of weight by children thereby preventing them from becoming obese. It was also seen that despite some mothers rightly introduced supplemental food in the babys diet, the baby was overweight as she was not breastfed. 4.3 AGE OF INTRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC FOOD ITEMS The WHO (2011) recommends that infants start receiving complementary foods at 6 months of age in addition to breast milk, initially 2-3 times a day between 6-8 months, increasing to 3-4 times daily between 9-11 months and 12-24 months with additional nutritious snacks offered 1-2 times per day, as desired. The main items that were introduced early were cow milk, mashed fruits, fresh vegetables and mashed vegetables. 61.1% of mothers introduced cows milk before 8 to 9 months as reported by CHW (2008). This was a bad practice as early introduction of cows milk is associated with an increased risk of developing Type-1 diabetes afterwards and a protein in cows milk was responsible in causing an unusual immune response as stated by Goldfarb (2008). Also, early introduction of cows milk and infant formula increases the frequency of atopic dermatitis, cow milk allergy, and wheezing in early childhood which is in line with a study by Burks et al. (2008) and IDACE (2005). Fortunately the majority of mothers (49.0%) rightly introduced infant formula in their babys diet at 6 months. Mothers introduced eggs irrespective of whether it is egg yolk, white egg or whole egg at around 9- 12 months as stated by ADC (2005) to prevent allergies. However, a study by Koplin et al. (2010) showed that introduction of cooked egg at 4-6 months of age does not increase the risk of egg allergy but can rather protect against its development. Bread was introduced earlier than recommended by 37.0% of mothers which is a bad practice. Bread is a starchy food and consists of sugars. Therefore, early introduction bread in a childs diet may lead to unusual weight gain in children. With time, the child may become overweight and obese. Research showed that overweight and obesity in children in most cases turned out to be obese adults which elevates the risk of diseases like heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and breathing problems as stated by AACAP (2010). Meat was introduced early by 40.8% of mothers. Meat is rich in saturated fats which is stored in the childs body. The digestive system of the child is affected and with time, the walls of the arteries may thicken leading to atherosclerosis together with many other chronic diseases. 20.0% of others introduced salty snacks earlier than recommended in their babys diet. Excessive salt consumption leads to storage of water in the body and affects the normal functioning of the digestive system. Afterwards, this person is more likely to suffer from high blood pressure and others health related problems. The main reason claimed by mothers for the introduction of milk and milk products were mainly as a source of calcium for the child. Other reasons include strength of bones and teeth, proper growth and development of the child. Eggs were given to children as a source of vitamin D, protein and to test for allergies. Cereal and cereal products were given as a source of carbohydrate to provide the child with adequate amount of energy to carry out his daily activities and for basal metabolism. Meat and meat products were given mostly as a source of protein and to vary the type of food the child consumes. Sweet and salty biscuits were given to children as snacks usually at tea time with a glass of milk to prevent the child from being over hungry at dinner time thereby preventing overconsumption of nutrients during the meal. The purpose of inserting fruits and vegetables in the diet is to provide the child with all the essential vitamins and to prevent constipation and other health problems related to malnutrition. Ice cream was rarely given as a dessert while custard was given to the child when he could not eat normal meals or during illnesses. With respect to my study, no problem was encountered with children. However, some children may be allergic to eggs, some specific brands of infant formula or fish while some children may suffer from cold while eating ice cream. 4.4 DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL BMI OF THE CHILDREN The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a number calculated from a childs weight and height and is used to assess obesity (CDC, 2011). The BMI of the children ranges from 12.82 to 21.33. These values were plugged on the body mass index-for-age percentiles to determine the percentile curve to which the childrens BMI tally with. Using this percentile and the data in Table 2, it can be easily seen whether the child is underweight, has a healthy weight, is overweight or is obese. The majority of children had a healthy weight compared to a small majority of children being underweight, overweight and obese. Therefore, it can be concluded that most Mauritian children had an ideal weight. 4.5 WEIGHT EVOLUTION OF CHILDREN Most children had a weight of more than twice their birth weight at six months and thrice their birth weight at twelve months. This implied that the childs weight doubled between four to six months and tripled at one year which tallied with the study by Mahan and Escott-Stump (2008). This showed that exclusive breastfeeding for six months, introduction of supplemental food at six months with continued breastfeeding till two years enable the proper growth and development of the child by preventing excess weight gain by the baby. In some cases, the childrens weight did not double at six months as they were ill and lost some weight during that period. Some children whose weights were more than thrice their birth weight were not properly breastfed. That is why their weights were higher than thrice their birth weight even though supplemental food was introduced at the right time. 4.6 CONCLUSION Breastfeeding is and will always remain the best way of feeding a child. Children who were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and were given supplemental food at this age with continued breastfeeding till 2 years were found to grow properly with a healthy weight. It was also found that those children who were not breast fed as recommended probably gained more weight despite the fact that supplemental food was introduced at the right time. Therefore, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months with the right age of introduction of complementary food in the babys diet together with prolonged breastfeeding till 2 years old is essential for the proper growth and development of a child. Mothers should be given knowledge on breastfeeding so that they can practice it in a more effective manner. 4.7 RECOMMENDATIONS Breastfeeding must be initiated within the first hour after birth. Exclusive breastfeeding should be carried out for the first six months with continued breastfeeding for two years or more, together with safe, nutritionally adequate, age appropriate, responsive complementary feeding starting in the sixth month. Mothers should be informed about the advantages of breastfeeding to both their baby and themselves Medical staffs should make mothers aware of the hazards associated with breast milk substitutes and its consequences, which may arise afterwards throughout the babys life. The weight of children must be controlled regularly to ensure that the child is growing properly i.e. to see if his weight doubles at 4-6 months and triple at around 12 months. HIV mothers must not breastfeed their child to prevent the Mother To Child Transmission (MTCT) of the virus. Advice must be given to mothers regarding the preparation of babys food at home and ready-made pots available for babies so that babies can be given more hygienic and nutritious food.